Topic Two (1.2): Extraction and Sustainable Management of Rocks, Ores and Minerals

Building on the previous topic, this topic covers further areas of rocks, ores and minerals. In this topic, you will explore different methods of extracting rocks, ores, and minerals, including surface methods (like open-pit and strip mining), subsurface methods (such as deep and shaft mining), and biological methods (phytomining and bioleaching). You will understand the key factors that influence decisions about extraction, such as geology, accessibility, ore quality, environmental impact, and economic considerations. The topic also covers the environmental, economic, and social impacts of extraction, including habitat loss, pollution, water use, employment changes, and effects on local communities and economies. Additionally, you will study strategies for managing and restoring damaged landscapes, evaluating their benefits and limitations. Finally, you will explore the concepts of finite resources and sustainable management, and examine how methods like recycling, education, legislation, and improved efficiency can help reduce environmental impact and ensure long-term resource availability.