Introduction

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

describe and interpret the rock cycle
state and explain the formation and characteristics of the following named rocks: igneous – granite and basalt; sedimentary – limestone, sandstone and shale; metamorphic – marble and slate.

While each learner is different, it is suggested that you spend around 2 hours on this topic.

Read

Read Section 1.1 ‘Formation of Rocks’, pages 1–6. Pay particular attention to the key points listed below.

Key Points:

Igneous rocks form when molten rock from the core and upper mantle cools. Igneous rocks usually contain crystals. Examples include basalt and granite.
Metamorphic rocks are created by exposure to heat and pressure. These rocks contain crystals. Examples are marble and slate.
Sedimentary rocks are formed from the weathering of existing rocks, accumulation of living material and precipitation of dissolved materials. These rocks do not contain crystals but may contain fossils. Examples include limestone and sandstone.

Please note, you will be unable to complete Practical Activity 1.1 on page 6 unless you source some rock samples; these can be purchased from online suppliers for under £20.

Tasks

Task 1: Draw your own sketch of Fig. 1.9, page 5.

Task 2: Use the following link to complete the Rock Types Table.

EXPLORE - Pictures of Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary Rocks (Geology.com)

COMPLETE - Rock Types Table

Links

Use the following links to extend your understanding.

Use the link below for the task on page 6. Test your knowledge at the end.

INTERACT - The Rock Cycle Diagram (Annenberg Learner)

Use the videos, worksheets and diagrams on each type of rock on the site below to investigate them in more depth.

EXPLORE - Earth Science Videos and Worksheets (Regents)

Download

Complete the following task:

COMPLETE - Igneous Rock Formation

The following is a great start for those completely new to geology:

READ - Key Concepts about Rocks and Minerals (Elesapiens)

Read this presentation for more detail on the different types of rocks and how a rock differs from a mineral:

READ - Rocks and Minerals (Oresome PowerPoint)

Extension Material

Use this resource if you would like to explore this topic in more detail. It is a great website to explore each type of rock and how it forms in much more detail.

EXPLORE - Reading the Rocks and Ecology (Open University)